Through these comparisons, we assessed the appropriateness of utilizing pig and calf cervical vertebrae as human substitutes for in vitro and in vivo experiments. In the current study, we evaluated the geometries of cervical vertebrae in two animal models and normalized these parameters for comparison against human cervical vertebrae. However, a systematic quantitative comparison of anatomical data corresponding to pig, calf, and human cervical vertebrae has not been reported. Several studies have discussed the anatomy and biomechanics of pig and calf vertebrae, particularly in lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. Several factors must be considered when choosing a model animal species, including size, cost, disc geometry, cellularity and biomechanics. 81371988).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭue to the potential for infection, the limited supply of human cadavers, and the ethical concerns surrounding the use of human specimens, vertebrae from animal models, such as pigs, calves, dogs, sheep and deer ,have been widely used in spine research to replace human vertebrae. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.įunding: This work is supported by grants from Qianjiang Talents Project of Technology Office of Zhejiang Province (Grant No: 2010R10075), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No: LR12H06001), The project of Science and Technology Bureau of Wenzhou city (Grant No: Y20100091) and National Nature Foundation of China (Grant No. Received: JAccepted: JanuPublished: February 11, 2016Ĭopyright: © 2016 Sheng et al. Clarke, Oklahoma State University, UNITED STATES (2016) Comparison of Cervical Spine Anatomy in Calves, Pigs and Humans. Citation: Sheng S-R, Xu H-Z, Wang Y-L, Zhu Q-A, Mao F-M, Lin Y, et al.
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